Poverty in America

General Sites on Social Class and Poverty
Poverty resources on the Web
Welfare Reform Webpages

Being poor vs. being in poverty

Poverty definitions

Census measurement of poverty
        Below $4,000 per family member
        35 million in U.S.
        20% of all children are poor
        40% are children
        Welfare recipients:
                10% of urban residents
                13 million in U.S.
                2/3 off within 2 years
                single parents and children
                food stamps, medicare, etc.,
        The underclass
                Elderly and disabled
                Disproportionately minorities
                Most poor are white

Cross-national comparisons
        U.S. rate higher than comparable nations
        U.S. rate lower than non-comparable nations

History of the poor
        Universality of poor
        Attitudes toward the poor the poor
        Variable treatment of the poor
        Scale of poverty related to power and ideology
        American poverty declining but persistent

Functions of poverty
        Availability of cheap,servile labor
        Keeps general wages down
        Lowers prices
        Employment boost to nonpoor
        Market for shoddy items
                The poor pay more for less
                Dumping seconds

Why people become poor--
        Human capital approach:
                Fewer job skills
                Lesser education
                Vulnerability to unemployment
                Family instability
                        Reflexivity of family stress and unemployment

Macrostructural approach:
        System requirement for poverty group
        Political choice to produce poverty
                Power structure of political parties
                The role of government as redistributor of wealth
                        Fear and loathing of central government
                        Financing politics
        Economic policy: who benefits
                Unemployment vs. inflation
                Interest rates
                Wages, minimum wage and living wage
                Access to jobs
        Systematic discrimination
                Access to credit
        Ideological roots of the perpetuation of poverty
                Capitalist ethic
                Frontier thinking
                Divisive thinking: Them or us
                        Divide et impera

Social psychology of poverty
        The effects of suffering
        Nutritional deprivation effects
        Chemical pollutants and the brain
        Mate selection limitations
        Fatalism—perceptions of future life as not self produced
                Unpredictability- lack of planning
                Uncontrollability- depression, withdrawal
                Immediate gratification
                Nonachievement

Why poverty persists:
        Reproduction of class structure
                Growing up in poverty
                Learning to be impoverished
                Schooling for poverty
        Vicious "cycle of poverty"
                Health problems
                "Mental health problems"
                Hunger
                Deteriorated housing and homelessness
                Exposure to violence
                Gang culture
                Drugs and alcohol
                Human degradation

Culture of poverty thesis
        Community structure
        Kinship
        Lifestyle